One of the main challenges in designing a vehicle's cooling system, particularly the radiator, is not considering the non-uniform airflow distribution in the radiator's characteristic performance graphs. In this study, a three-dimensional numerical analysis of the airflow passing through a QUIK vehicle and the effect of the cooling system's placement relative to the vehicle's grille in five different cases was conducted. The effect of non-uniform airflow distribution on related radiator parameters such as the Darcy number, particle diameter, and inertial term was examined. The results indicate that the optimal placement range of the vehicle's cooling system for appropriate cooling performance is very limited. Additionally, non-uniform air velocity distribution plays a significant role in the radiator pressure drop. The inertial term is more significant in non-uniform flow conditions. For larger Forchheimer numbers, the change in radiator pressure drop for uniform compared to non-uniform flow distributions is about 22%.

In the present paper, the effect of water‐ CuO nanofluid on the radiator heat transfer of an automobile, Peugeot 405 XU7 engine type is investigated experimentally. The experiments are carried out for the radiator water (water‐ ethylene glycol with a volume fraction of 80‐ 20, respectively) as a base fluid and water‐ CuO nano􀏔 luid with the volume fraction of 0. 5% and 1%. Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) is used to increase the stability of nanofluid. The results demonstrated that a significant increase in the heat transfer of the engine to the environment is obtained by adding CuO nanoparticles to the base 􀏔 luid. For nano􀏔 luid volume fraction of 0. 5 and 1% for a mass 􀏔 low rate of 30 liters per minute, the heat transfer rate enhances 3% and 6. 9%, respectively, in comparison with the base fluid. Although convective heat transfer coefficient increased by increasing the nanofluid volume fraction, the experiments showed that this coefficient increases with the mass flow rate up to 20 liters per minute and then decreases with the mass 􀏔 low rate. Besides, the radiator pressure drop increases by increasing of the pressure of nanofluid. The results revealed that the ratio of heat transfer and pump power (merit parameter) decreases as the nanofluid pressure increases.

The study's goal is to create a radiator-like device with fixed rectangular duct winglets that circulate glycerol/water fluids with varying concentrations of copper oxide Nanofluids for improved heat transfer and cooling performance under all working situations. Hot water enters the rectangular duct at one end, while the cooling working fluid enters at the other. The findings of the experiment are compared with the computational fluid dynamics model of rectangular duct-winglets for glycerol/water, glycerol/water of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and O.4% weight of copper oxide Nanofluids working fluids at a flow rate of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.3 liters per minute. The findings demonstrated that the magnetohydrodynamics effect, which is based on the radiation parameter, increased as the flow through a region's heat transfer, causing a higher temperature and pressure drop in the glycerol/water-0.3% weight Copper oxide Nanofluids at 0.3 L/min flow rate. The results of the experimental for glycerol/water with 0.3% wt Copper oxide Nanofluids at 0.3 L/min flow rate showed that the pressure and temperature drop at Reynolds number 5400 were 19.8 kPa and 9.8 °C with its relevant friction factor and Nusselt’s number 0.0113 and 12.97 respectively.

The thermal performance of a new modified hydronic skirting board heating system with an air supply is investigated in the present work. In the modified system indoor airflow is forced through a duct that is located between the systems. The main aim of the present work is to achieve a system with higher efficiency and lower energy consumption than conventional cases. The heat output rate of the system is evaluated experimentally for different water flow rates and inlet water temperatures based on standard No. En-442. A comparison of the results between the new system and the conventional models shows that heating performance improved by about 23%. Thermal comfort conditions in the room are analyzed according to Fanger’, s method and results show that people's dissatisfaction (PDD) in the different parts of the room is less than 40%. Also to validation of the numerical results, the temperature distribution of the simulation is compared with experimental data and obtained results show that there is a good agreement between them.

One of the most important aspects of designing passenger cars is the engine cooling. This process would significantly affect the vehicle performance. This study has been conducted both theoretically and experimentally to reveal the influences of different involved parameters of cooling. The current research is implemented in order to examine the effects of 2-speed radiator fan utilization rather than the 1-speed type. For this aim, the new modified fan is considered and the experimental data are obtained to compare the results with those of the old one. Additionally, the effects of parameters such as ECU strategy, radiator fin density as well as the radiator plate geometrical properties are considered in the analysis. As a prominent result, the experimental results show a substantial effect of considering 2-speed radiator fan and choosing a better strategy for ECU on the cooling performance in the vehicle. The experimental results show that employing 2-speed fan instead of single-speed and 900 fin/m fin density instead of 780 fin/m decreases coolant outlet temperature of radiator by 6.1% and 7.1% in the same condition, respectively.